Shubham Kanodia
I am a Carnegie Postdoctoral Fellow at Carnegie's Earth & Planets Lab in Washington DC. Along with my collaborators I have multiple ongoing projects geared towards understanding the small and red M-dwarf stars, and the planets that orbit them. A lot of this is focussed towards the discovery, characterization and formation of Giant Exoplanets around M-dwarf Stars (GEMS), an extreme regime of planet formation that has traditionally been hard to explain.
Before moving to Carnegie, I was a graduate student at Penn State Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, where I worked on exoplanet instrumentation and statistics, with my advisor Suvrath Mahadevan. My research focussed on developing the tools to detect exoplanets, and characterise their populations, particularly those orbiting these cool and low mass stars.
I helped develop and deploy two highly precise radial velocity (RV) spectrographs - the near-infrared Habitable zone Planet Finder (HPF) and the optical NEID spectrograph. HPF, deployed at the 10 m Hobby Eberly Telescope in Texas, USA, is the most precise on-sky near-infrared RV spectrograph; and is built to find planets around mid-late M-dwarfs. NEID is a product of the NASA-NSF collaboration, and is a new generation optical spectrograph built for the 3.5 m WIYN telescope in Arizona.
In addition, I have worked to develop new astro-statistical tools to characterize exoplanet populations using novel non-parametric techniques. I hope to apply these to a sample of planets orbiting cool M-dwarf host stars to unearth differences in planetary population trends between solar-type and M-dwarf stellar hosts.
I am also involved in searching for extra-terrestrial intelligence by trying to find laser technosignatures in the high resolution spectra obtained from RV instruments searching for exoplanets.
Ongoing Projects
Searching for Giant Exoplanets around M-dwarf Stars (GEMS)
Detection & Characterization
I am leading the Searching for GEMS survey, where we are using a combination of photometric, spectroscopic and high-contrast imaging observations to detect and characterize transiting GEMS. The survey motivation and goals are described in our recent paper.
- Kanodia et al. 2024 - Searching for Giant Exoplanets around M-dwarf Stars (GEMS) I: Survey Motivation
- Kanodia 2024 - Transiting Jupiters around M-dwarfs have similar masses to FGK warm-Jupiters (Submitted to AAS Journals)
Relevant Planet Discoveries that I have lead and/or significantly contributed to:
- Kanodia et al. 2024 - Searching for GEMS: Characterizing Six Giant Planets Around Cool Dwarfs
- Hotnisky et al. 2024 - Searching for GEMS: Two Super-Jupiters around M-dwarfs -- Signatures of Instability or Accretion?
- Reji et al. 2024 - Searching for GEMS: TOI-5688 A b, a low-density giant orbiting a high-metallicity early M-dwarf
- Bernabò et al. 2024 - Searching for GEMS: TOI-6383Ab, a giant planet transiting an M3-dwarf star in a binary system
- Delamer et al. 2024 - TOI-4201: An Early M-dwarf Hosting a Massive Transiting Jupiter Stretching Theories of Core-Accretion
- Han et al. 2024 - TOI-5344 b: A Saturn-like planet orbiting a super-Solar metallicity M0 dwarf
- Cañas et al. 2023 - TOI-3984 A b and TOI-5293 A b: Two Temperate Gas Giants Transiting Mid-M Dwarfs in Wide Binary Systems
- Libby-Roberts et al. 2023 - An In-Depth Look at TOI-3884b: a Super-Neptune Transiting a M4 Dwarf with Persistent Star Spot Crossings
- Lin et al. 2023 - The unusual M-dwarf Warm Jupiter TOI-1899~b: Refinement of orbital and planetary parameters
- Kanodia et al. 2023 - TOI-5205b: A Jupiter transiting an M-dwarf near the Convective Boundary
- Kanodia et al. 2022 - TOI-3757 b: A low density gas giant orbiting a solar-metallicity M-dwarf
- Cañas et al. 2022 - TOI-3629, TOI-3714: Two gas giants transiting M-dwarfs confirmed with HPF and NEID
- Cañas et al. 2020 - TOI-1899: A Warm Jupiter Transiting an M-dwarf: A TESS Single-transit Event Confirmed with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder
Formation
Exploring the formation scenarios of GEMS across a range of protostellar M-dwarfs.
Relevant Publications:
Atmospheric Characterization
I am the PI of a large JWST Cycle 2 program GO 3171 along with co-PIs Caleb Cañas and Jessica Libby-Roberts, and an amazing group of collaborators to perform novel investigations into the atmospheres of GEMS and compare them with canonical hot-Jupiters found around solar-type stars.
Characterizing sub-Jovian planets orbiting M-dwarfs
I am currently part of a team that is following up on TESS planet candidates orbiting M-dwarfs to obtain precise mass measurements. It is imperative to obtain these precise mass measurements to find suitable targets for transmission spectroscopy missions such as the James Webb Space Telescope, as well as to populate the Mass-Radius plane for M-dwarf host exoplanets. We do this using a combination of precise radial velocity measurements using HPF and NEID, and diffuser-assisted photometry.
Relevant Publications:
- Jones et al. 2024 - TOI-2015 b: A Warm Neptune with Transit Timing Variations Orbiting an Active Mid-type M Dwarf
- Powers et al. 2023 - TOI-3785 b: A Low-density Neptune Orbiting an M2-dwarf Star
- Stefansson et al. 2023 - A Neptune-mass exoplanet in close orbit around a very low-mass star challenges formation models
- Beard et al. 2022 - TOI-1696 and TOI-2136: Constraining the Masses of Two Mini-Neptunes with the Habitable-Zone Planet Finder
- Beard et al. 2022 - GJ 3929: High-precision Photometric and Doppler Characterization of an Exo-Venus and Its Hot, Mini-Neptune-mass Companion
- Kanodia et al. 2021 - TOI-532: The Habitable-zone Planet Finder confirms a Large Super Neptune in the Neptune Desert orbiting a metal-rich M-dwarf host
- Stefansson et al. 2020 - TOI-1266: A Mini-Neptune and a Venus-Zone Planet in the Radius Valley Orbiting the Nearby M2-dwarf TOI-1266: Validation with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder
- Kanodia et al. 2020 - TOI-1728: The Habitable-zone Planet Finder Confirms a Warm Super-Neptune Orbiting an M-dwarf Host
- Stefansson et al. 2020 - The Habitable Zone Planet Finder Reveals a High Mass and Low Obliquity for the Young Neptune K2-25b
Developing Precision RV spectrographs
Habitable-zone Planet Finder (HPF)
HPF is one of the most precise near-infrared precision RV instruments, and is deployed at the 10-m telescope in Texas, USA. I have been a key member of the instrument and science teams for the instrument, and was led the fabrication, testing, and commissioning of the fiber injection system for HPF. I also performed the optical simulations to facilitate the optical alignment of the instrument during the alignment, integration and verification phase at Penn State.
NEID
NEID -the cornerstone of the NASA-NSF NN-EXPLORE partnership- is an optical RV spectrograph spanning 380 to 930 nm. Built to achieve an instrument precision of 30 cm/s, it is designed to find Earth-like planets in the habitable zones around FGK stars. As a part of the NEID instrument and science team, I was responsible for the development, fabrication and testing of the NEID fiber injection system which includes the instrument fiber, scrambling system, as well as the fibers associated with the calibration system. In addition, I was in charge of the design, testing and deployment the NEID exposure meter system to provide chromatic barycentric corrections at the 1 cm/s level. I was also a part of the commissioning team for the instrument in 2019-2020, and regularly use its precision capabilities towards forwarding our science goals.
Relevant Publications:
- Kanodia et al. 2023 - Stable fiber-illumination for extremely precise radial velocities with NEID
- Kanodia et al. 2021 - A Harsh Test of Far-Field Scrambling with the Habitable Zone Planet Finder and the Hobby Eberly Telescope
- Kanodia et al. 2020 - Ghosts of NEID's past
- Wright and Kanodia 2020, and Kanodia and Wright 2018 - Barycentric Corrections for Precise Radial Velocity Measurements
- Schwab et al. 2020 - The NEID spectrometer: fibre injection system design
- Kanodia et al. 2018 - Overview of the spectrometer optical fiber feed for the Habitable-zone Planet Finder
Non-parametric statistical tools to study planetary population
I have helped developed novel non-parametric tools to study the Mass-Radius relationship for exoplanet orbiting M-dwarf host stars, and then compared this relationship for analogous planets around FGK stars. Since then I have helped extend this framework to multiple dimensions and allow the simultaneous unbiased modelling of upto four dimensions to study the interplay between stellar properties such as mass, metallicity, age and planetary population parameters (mass, radius, period).
Relevant Publications:
NIR stellar spectroscopy
I worked on project to characterize a high energy stellar flare around faint M8 star - vB10 using HPF spectra. We find the first evidence of coronal rain around such a low mass star using our observations of the Helium triplet. These high resolution near infared observations of a stellar flare present a valuable opportunity to study flare properties for very low mass stars in a hitherto unexplored regime. Read more about it on the HPF blog.
Relevant Publication:
Searching for Laser Technosignatures
I am developing a pipeline to search for artificial narrowband unresolved laser technosignatures, using the archival data from high resolution RV spectrographs searching for exoplanets using the Doppler technique. This pipeline would enable commensal searches for laser pulses to be performed on the high resolution spectra being obtained on instruments across the world involved in measuring exoplanet masses.
Interests
- M-dwarfs
- Giant Planets
- Planet Formation
- Atmospheric Characterization
- Astrostatistics
- Instrumentation
- Fiber Optics
- Optical Simulation
- SETI
Open-Source tools
I have helped develop a few Python
packages that are open source and available to the community.
- pyastrotools - Library of helper functions for astronomical calculations, observation planning, instrumentation, etc.
- Barycorrpy - Adapted from Wright and Eastman (2014), this package provides a simple routine to compute barycentric corrections for stellar radial velocity observations at the 1 cm/s level (Kanodia and Wright 2018). In addition, it also includes tools to compute barycentric corrections for observations of solar system objects (Wright and Kanodia 2020).
- MRExo - This package allows the user to fit a Mass-Radius relation on any 2 dimensional dataset using nonparametric methods (Kanodia et al. 2019). In addition, it can be used to predict mass from radius (and vice versa) based on a M-dwarf or FGK host star sample.
Mentoring & Outreach
Mentoring
- Helen Baran (2019 -- 2020) - Undergraduate student at Pennsylvania State University
- Marissa Maney (2019 -- 2021) - Undergraduate student at Pennsylvania State University
- Brody McElwain (2020 -- 2022) - Undergraduate/Master's student in Engineering Science at Penn State.
- Narisara (Mick) Mayer (2023) - Undergraduate at Haverford College
- Caleb Dando-Haenisch (2023) - Undergraduate at American University
- Radia Islam (2023) - Undergraduate at UT Austin
- Amber Wong (2023 -- ) - Undergraduate at UC Irvine
- Shane O'Brien (2023 -- ) - Undergraduate at UC Irvine
- Andrew Hotnisky (2023 -- ) - Undergraduate at Pennsylvania State University
- Fogofoluwa Adeniyan (2024 ) - Undergraduate at Brightpoint Community College
- Nachiket Yadav (2024 --) - Undergraduate at UT Austin
- Mitchell Shadden Yadav (2024) - Undergraduate at UT Austin
- Maya Vigil (2024) - Undergraduate at UT Austin
Co-advised
- Megan Delamer (2022 -- 2023) - PhD student at Pennsylvania State University
- Varghese Reji (2023 -- 2024) - PhD student at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (India)
- Te Han (2023) - PhD student at UC Irvine
- Lia Marta Bernabò (2023 -- ) - PhD student at Institute of Planetary Research - DLR (Germany)
Education Efforts
See below for educational efforts, and my CV for examples of outreach activities.
- Volunteered for Carnegie Academy of Science (CASE) - First Light science program for middle-school kids (2022-23)
- AstroFest - Penn State Department of Astronomy Annual outreach event (2017-2020)
- Volunteered with Brown Cubesat Educational Outreach Saturday STEM program at West Broadway Middle School, Providence, RI, to communicate Science and Physics to students (2015-2016)
- Volunteered at Umang Foundation, Mumbai - teaching underprivileged children basic Mathematics and English (2012 - 2014)